http://www.onin.com/fp/fphistory.html
- Fingerprints were first found in Babylon where they were used to track business transactions.
- 1686 - MalpighiIn 1686, Marcello Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted in his treatise; ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints.A layer of skin was named after him; "Malpighi" layer.
- 1823 - Purkinje-In 1823, John Evangelist Purkinje, a professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau, published his thesis discussing 9 fingerprint patterns.
- 1858 - Hershel The English first began using fingerprints in 1858, when Sir William James Herschel, first used fingerprints on native contracts.Herschel had Rajyadhar Konai, a local businessman, impress his hand print on a contract. Sir William Herschel's private conviction that all fingerprints were unique to the individual, as well as permanent throughout that individual's life, inspired him to expand their use.
- 1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds, the British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, took up the study of "skin-furrows" after noticing finger marks on "prehistoric" pottery. An industrious man, Dr. Faulds not only recognized the importance of fingerprints, but devised a method of classification as well. In 1880, Dr. Faulds published an article in the Scientific Journal, "Nature." He discussed fingerprints as a means of identification, and the use of printers ink as a method for obtaining fingerprints.
- 1882- Gilbert Thompson of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, used his own thumb print on a document to prevent forgery. This is the first use of fingerprints in the US.
- 1882 - Bertillon. Alphonse Bertillon, a Clerk in the Prefecture of Police of at Paris, France, devised a system of classification, known as Anthropometry or the Bertillon System, using measurements of parts of the body.
- 1883 - Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) In Mark Twain's book, "Life on the Mississippi", a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprint identification.
- 1888 - Galton Sir Francis Galton, a British anthropologist, began his observations of fingerprints in the 1880's.
- 1891 - Vucetich-Juan Vucetich, an Argentine Police Official, began the first fingerprint files.
- 1892 - Vucetich & Galton-Juan Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint identification in 1892. He was able to identify Francis Rojas. She had killed her own two sons and then cut her throat to try and look like someone else was guilty. Her blood stained hand print was left on a door post, proving her identity as the murderer.
- 1897 - Haque & Bose On June 12 1897, the Council of the Governor General of India approved a report that fingerprints should be used for criminal records. Later that year, the Calcutta (now Kolkata) Anthropometric Bureau became the world's first Fingerprint Bureau. Working at this place (before it became the Fingerprint Bureau) were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose. Haque and Bose were the two Indian fingerprint experts credited with development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification.
- 1901 - Henry The Fingerprint Branch (London Metropolitan Police) was created in July 1901 using the Henry System of Classification.
- 1902-First systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S. by the New York Civil Service Commission for testing.
- 1903-The New York State Prison system began the first systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S. for criminals.
- 1904-The use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. The International Association of Chiefs of Police created America's first national fingerprint repository, called the National Bureau of Criminal Identification.
- 1905-U.S. Army begins using fingerprints.
- 1907-U.S. Navy begins using fingerprints.
- 1908-U.S. Marine Corps begins using fingerprints.
- 1924-In 1924, an act of congress established the Identification Division of the FBI.
- 1946-By 1946, the FBI had processed 100 million fingerprint cards in manually maintained files; and by 1971, 200 million cards.
- 2009-The largest repository in America is operated by the Department of Homeland Security's US Visit Program, containing over 100 million persons' fingerprints, many in the form of two-finger records. The two-finger records are not-compliant with FBI and Interpol standards, but sufficient for positive identification and valuable for forensics because index fingers and thumbs are the most commonly identified crime scene fingerprints.
http://www.fingerprinting.com/types-of-fingerprints.php
2.Latent Prints - are fingerprint impressions secreted in a surface or an object and are usually invisible to the naked eye. These can be created by the natural oils in your hand mixing with another surface. Although these are invisible to the naked eye, they can be lifted and magnified.
3. Plastic Prints - are visible, impressed prints that occur when a finger touches a soft, malleable surface resulting in an indentation. These fingerprints usually have to be mixed with something such as wet paint, blood, or wax.
3. Basic Shapes/Patterns of Fingerprints
- Plain Arch- Has a little arch that is not that pronounced.
- Tented Arch-Has an exagerated arch that is very high and noticeable.
- Ulnar Loop- Curves up from the left.
- Radial Loop- Curves up from the right.
- Plain Whorl- Has a circle in the center from which everything else comes from.
- Central pocket Whorl- Starts with a circle that is off center. It is tighter than the plain whorl
- Double Loop Whorl- Has an "s" shape in the center froim which everything else transpires.
- Accidental Whorl- A mixture of all the patterns. Has an attribute from almost every patter listed herein.
- For dark surfaces: Load a brush with fine bristles with toulk powder. Once the brush is loaded, lightly brush it over the print. Be careful not to brush too hard because it may smear the print. Once the print is loaded, carefully place a piece of tape over it. Carefully lift the tape. Place it on a dark piece of paper so that the toulk powder, and the print will show up.
- For light surfaces, such as glass:Load a brush with fine bristles with graphite powder. Once the brush is loaded, lightly brush it over the print. Be careful not to brush too hard because it may smear the print. Once the print is loaded, carefully place a piece of tape over it. Carefully lift the tape. Place it on a light piece of paper so that the graphite powder, and the print will show up.
- 19th century Edouard Hocquart and Abbé Flandrin developed the art of interpreting handwriting.
- Michon published the results of his many years of research into individual handwriting movements, which gained public interest. His theory gained popularity simply for its simplicity. He studied individual strokes and how they relate to the persons personality.
- I think forensics have trouble doing writing analiysis becasue ,as for me i can change my handwriting. and it depends if im in a rush, or if i wanna take my time, and some criminal change theyre writing
- Techniques or Indicators scientists use to identify handwriting or forgeries: What do forensic scientist look for when analyzing handwriting? They look for slants, curls, and the height of the lettering to analyze a suspect's handwriting.And they also pay attention to the spacing of the letters.
- Hair Analysis
In December 1995 the Society of Hair Testing was founded to promote the research in hair testing technologies in forensic, clinical and occupational sciences, to develop the international proficiency tests, to organize meetings and workshops and to encourage the scientific cooperation and exchanges among members. Ever since then, hair analysis has evolved into a forensic science which helps prove a suspects guilt or innocence. It can be compared to the hair found at the crime. Hair can also tell much about the person who it came from. It leaves evidences of drugs for a number of years.- Fiber Analysis
has been used for many years. A known fiber can be compared under a microscope to the sample found at the crime scene. If it matches, it is likely that the suspect is guilty. There are many different types of fibers; Clothing, Cotton, String, Flax, Etc. These different types of fibers help provide tangible evidence to use in court.
- Hair- Hair can be looked at under a microscope to help see it better. Each persons hair has different qualities.
* Individuals with type A blood can receive blood from donors of type A and type O blood.
* Individuals with type B blood can receive blood from donors of type B and type O blood.
* Individuals with type AB blood can receive blood from donors of type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood.
* Individuals with type O blood can receive blood from donors of only type O.
* Individuals of type A, B, AB and O blood can receive blood from donors of type O blood.
* Type O- blood is called the universal donor.
The terms "positive" or "negative" refer to either the presence or absence of the RhD antigen irrespective of the presence or absence of the other antigens of the Rhesus system.
3. Comments and Analysis on Lab Findings.
In our crime scene we had a sample of blood. We placed two drops on each side of a slide.
We then mixed anti-A and anti-B with each of them. Since no precipitate formed in either of
them, we were left to believe that the killer had an "O" blood type.
